Written Expressions 3rd Year Classes
Collected by GUELLIL MABROUK (mgbay13.com)
Appendices
How to Write a Sentence
A sentence is the fundamental grammatical unit that a writer uses in the composition of a research paper,
essay, or literary work. In its simplest form, the sentence is composed of a subject and a verb. However, it can
be shaped by a greater complexity.
Types of sentences
1- Simple Sentences
Simple sentences have one main idea expressed in one independent clause.
1. I have built houses since I was a teenager.
2- Compound Sentences: they have two independent clauses joined with a comma and a coordinate
conjunction (and, but, or). The clauses can also be joined by a semicolon, or with a semicolon and conjunction
(nonetheless, furthermore, however, etc.).
2. I have built houses since I was a teenager, and I wouldn’t do anything else for a living.
3. I have built houses since I was a teenager, but I can't wait to quit.
4. I have built houses since I was a teenager; I plan to keep doing it.
5. I have built houses since I was a teenager; nonetheless, I hope one day to explore new areas of employment.
3- Complex Sentences: they have one independent clause and two or more dependent clauses, each beginning
with a subordinate conjunction (because, even though, while, when, who, etc.).
Although we lived in Blida when I was a child we moved to Algiers because my father found a
better job there.
Dependent clauses tell who or what under what circumstances
………….. how why
Where when
4- Compound Complex Sentences: they have two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent
clauses.
Although we lived in Blida when I was a child we moved to Algiers because my father found a
better job there.
And he know that meant a greater opportunity for the whole family.
How to Write a Paragraph
A paragraph is has three parts:
1- Topic Sentence: it is the first sentence in a paragraph which summarizes the main idea and indicates to the
reader what your paragraph will be about.
Example:
There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world. First, Canada has an
excellent health care system. All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price. Second,
Canada has a high standard of education. Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to
continue studying at university. Finally, Canada's cities are clean and efficiently managed. Canadian cities
have many parks and lots of space for people to live. As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live.
2- Supporting Details: they come after the topic sentence, making up the body of a paragraph and giving
details to develop and support the main idea of the paragraph. You should give supporting facts, details, and
examples.
Example:
There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world. First, Canada has an excellent
health care system. All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price. Second,
Canada has a high standard of education. Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are
encouraged to continue studying at university. Finally, Canada's cities are clean and efficiently
managed. Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live. As a result, Canada is a
desirable place to live.
3- Closing Sentence: it is the last sentence in a paragraph which restates the main idea of the paragraph using
different words.
Example:
There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world. First, Canada has an excellent
health care system. All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price. Second, Canada has a
high standard of education. Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue
studying at university. Finally, Canada's cities are clean and efficiently managed. Canadian cities have many
parks and lots of space for people to live
As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live.
To write a paragraph, you need to go through the following three stages.
1- The Prewriting Sage: it is when you think carefully and organize your ideas for your paragraph before
you begin writing. This stage has six steps as follows.
1. Think carefully about what you are going to write.
2. Open your notebook.
3. Collect facts related to your paragraph or essay topic.
4. Write down your own ideas.
5. Find the main idea of your paragraph or essay.
6. Organize your facts and ideas in a way that develops your main idea.
2- The Writing Stage: it is when you turn your ideas into sentences. This stage has five steps as follows.
1. Open your notebook and word processor.
2. Write the topic sentence, supporting sentences, and closing sentence.
3. Write clear and simple sentences to express your meaning.
4. Focus on the main idea of your paragraph.
5. Use the dictionary to help you find additional words to express your ideas.
3- The Editing Stage: it is when you check your paragraph for mistakes and correct them.
a- Grammar and Spelling:
1. Check your spelling.
2. Check your grammar.
3. Read your essay again.
4. Make sure each sentence has a subject.
5. See if your subjects and verbs agree with each other.
6. Check the verb tenses of each sentence.
7. Make sure that each sentence makes sense.
b- Style and Organization:
1. Make sure your paragraph has a topic sentence.
2. Make sure your supporting sentences focus on the main idea.
3. Make sure you have a closing sentence.
4. Check that all your sentences focus on the main idea.
5. See if your paragraph is interesting.
A paragraph has many kinds. Amongst them, I mention:
1- Definition Paragraph: when writing a definition paragraph, you take a thing or an idea and explain what
it is.
Example: write a paragraph giving the definition of a pest.
The following words can help you to write a good definition paragraph:
-"is defined as"
Example: A pest is defined as any animal or plant that damages crops, forests, or property.
- "is a kind of"
Example: A pest is a kind of animal or plant that damages crops, forests, or property.
2- Classification Paragraph: when writing a classification paragraph, you group things or ideas into specific
categories.
Example: Write a paragraph discussing two types of energy resources.
The following words can help you to write a good classification paragraph:
Helper word:
is a kind of
can be divided into
is a type of
falls under
belongs to
is a part of
fits into
is grouped with
is related to
is associated
Examples:
is a kind of
Coal is a kind of non-renewable resource.
can be divided into
Energy resources can be divided into two types.
is a type of
Coal is a type of non-renewable resource.
falls under
Coal falls under the category of non-renewable resources.
belongs to
Coal belongs to the category of non-renewable resources.
is a part of
Coal is a part of the category of non-renewable resources.
fits into
Coal fits into the category of non-renewable resources.
is grouped with
Coal is grouped with non-renewable resources.
is related to
Coal is related to other non-renewable resources.
is associated with
Coal is associated with other non-renewable resources.
3- Description Paragraph: in a description paragraph, you are writing about what a person, place, or thing is
like. Sometimes, you may describe where a place is located.
Examples:
- Write a paragraph describing what a polar bear looks like.
- Describe where Canada's industry is located.
The following words can help you to write a good description paragraph:
Helpful Words:
Properties measurement analogy location
Size length is like in
Color width resemble above
Shape mass/weight …. Below
Purpose speed …. Beside
Near
Nortg/east/west
Properties
size
Example: Polar bears are big in size.
colour
Example: Polar bears are usually white in colour.
shape
Example: Polar bears have a special shape.
purpose
Example: The purpose of the polar bear's fur is to keep it warm.
Measurement
length
Example: The length of a polar bear's claws is 20 cm.
width
Example: The width of a polar bear's head is about 50 cm.
mass / weight
Example: Polar bears weigh up to 650 kg.
speed
Example: Polar bears can swim at a speed of 40 km per hour.
Analogy
is like
Example: A polar bear is like other bears in shape.
resembles
Example: A polar bear resembles other bears in shape.
Location
in
Example: Most of Canada's manufacturing is located in Ontario and Quebec.
above
Example: The ceiling is above us.
below
Example: Most of Ontario is below Hudson Bay.
beside
Example: Quebec is located beside Ontario.
near
Example: Many companies are located near Toronto.
north / east / south / west
Example: Ontario is west of Quebec.
4-Compare and Contrast Paragraph: in a compare and contrast paragraph, you write about the similarities
and differences between two or more people, places, things, or ideas.
Example: Write a paragraph comparing the weather in Vancouver and Halifax.
The following words can help you to write a good compare and contrast paragraph:
Helpful Words:
Similarities differences
Is similar to the other hand
Both however
Also but
Too in contrast
As well differs form
While
Unlike
Similarities
is similar to
Example: Spring weather in Vancouver is similar to spring weather in Halifax.
both
Example: Both Vancouver and Halifax have rain in the spring.
also
Example: Halifax also has a rainy spring season.
too
Example: Halifax has a rainy spring season, too.
as well
Example: As well, Halifax has rainy spring season.
Differences
on the other hand
Example: On the other hand, winter is much colder in Halifax.
however
Example: However, winter is much colder in Halifax.
but
Example: Vancouver has a mild winter, but Halifax has a cold one.
in contrast to
Example: In contrast to Vancouver, Halifax has a cold winter.
differs from
Example: Halifax differs from Vancouver by having a cold winter.
while
Example: While Vancouver has a mild winter, Halifax has a cold winter.
How to Write an Essay
An essay can have many purposes, but the basic structure is the same no matter what. You may be writing
an essay to argue for a particular point of view or to explain the steps necessary to complete a task.
Either way, your essay will have the same basic format.
If you follow a few simple steps, you will find that the essay almost writes itself. You will be responsible only
for supplying ideas, which are the important part of the essay anyway.
These simple steps will guide you through the essay writing process:
1- Decide on your topic.
2- Prepare an outline or diagram of your ideas.
3- Write your thesis statement.
4- Write the body.
a. Write the main points.
b. Write the subpoints.
c. Elaborate on the subpoints.
5- Write the introduction.
6- Write the conclusion.
7- Add the finishing touches.
How to Write a Book/Film Review
A book/film review describes, analyzes and evaluates. The review conveys an opinion, supporting it with
evidence from the book/film.
These simple steps will guide you through the book/film review writing process:
1- An introduction about the theme and the storyline.
2- A developing paragraph providing information about the characters, the setting, the action…
3- A paragraph expressing your viewpoint about the film/book.
4- A paragraph to say what you liked and disliked about it.
5- A conclusion to give recommendations/advice.
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